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PEMBAGIAN SISA HASIL USAHA

1

Peran aktif anggota koperasi terhadap kontribusi kesejahteraan anggota

Koperasi di Indonesia, menurut UU tahun 1992, didefinisikan sebagai badan usaha yang beranggotakan orang-seorang atau badan hukum koperasi dengan melandaskan kegiatannya berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip koperasi sekaligus sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang berdasar atas asas kekeluargaan.
Di Indonesia, prinsip koperasi telah dicantumkan dalam UU No. 12 Tahun 1967 dan UU No. 25 Tahun 1992.
Prinsip koperasi di Indonesia kurang lebih sama dengan prinsip yang diakui dunia internasional dengan adanya sedikit perbedaan, yaitu adanya penjelasan mengenai SHU (Sisa Hasil Usaha).
Semakin banyak Anggota Koperasi dan Usaha Koperasi yang dijalankan Koperasi serta peran aktif anggota semakin maju Koperasi tersebut, hal ini telah terbukti seperti yang diungkapkan oleh Bapak H.Warman yang mendapatkan penghargaan dari Presiden R.I Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
Pembina koperasi yang selama ini berjalan, sebut saja dengan Warman, di dalamnya terdapat unsur pemerintah daerah yang diwakili Dinas Koperasi dan UKM. yang lainnya, lembaga gerakan koperasi yang disebut Dekopin.
Sekundernya, kata Warman, adalah KUD dan Puskud. Termasuk instansi bersangkutan dari keberadaan koperasi. Seperti halnya koperasi di perusahaan atau lembaga lain semisal koperasi pegawai negeri sipil di lingkup pemerintahan. Malah yang diketahui oleh Warman, koperasi karyawan (KOPKAR) yang berada di lingkungan perusahaan PT Pindo Deli Pulp and Paper Mills (KOPKAR PINDO – PIKO) , kini asetnya sudah mencapai Rp 102 miliar. Menurutnya, ini data tahun 2010.”(Sumber : RADAR KARAWANG)
Semoga Koperasi banyak yang tumbuh di Indonesia yang dapat mensejahterakan anggotanya dan rakyat Indonesia pada umumnya.Dan tambah banyak peran aktif dari anggota koperasi yang bekerja di dalamnya agar rakyat Indonesia tetap sejahtera.

http://boedijaeni.wordpress.com/2011/10/30/koperasi-bisa-sejahterakan-anggotanya/

LAPORAN KEUANGAN KOPERASI

Laporan Keuangan Koperasi

Membangkitkan ekonomi kerakyatan melalui gerakan Koperasi

Ekonomi Kerakyatan dalam arti yang lebih luas mencakup kehidupan petani, nelayan, pedagangan asongan, tukang ojek dan pedagang kaki lima, yang kepentingan-kepentingan ekonominya selalu dapat lebih mudah dibantu atau diperjuangkan melalui koperasi. Kepentingan-kepentingan ekonomi rakyat seperti inilah yang kurang mendapat perhatian dan tidak secara jeli dilihat oleh pengambil kebijakan ekonomi. Ekonomi rakyat seperti ini dapat dikategorikan sebagai bisnis tetapi sesunguhnya merupakan “way of life”, kegiatan hidup sehari-hari yang sama sekali bukan kegiatan bisnis yang mengejar untung.

Jika banyak orang Indonesia termasuk ilmuwan berpendapat bahwa ekonomi rakyat Indonesia “tidak ada”, atau tidak mempunyai sejarah, maka dasar pendapatnya jelas karena mereka (orang awam maupun ilmuwan) tidak membaca buku-buku sejarah ekonomi Indonesia.

Maka kita patut berterimakasih pada Anne Booth penulis buku The Indonesian Economy in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Century: A History of Missed Opportunity (Macmillan & St. Martin’s, 1998) dan Howard Dick dkk., Penulis buku ini lebih memahami ekonomi Indonesia modern sejak Indonesia merdeka 1945. Karena tidak ada buku-buku sejarah ekonomi Indonesia, pakar-pakar ilmu sosial Indonesia termasuk pakar ekonomi tidak mempunyai referensi dalam menerangkan fenomena-fenomena ekonomi dan sosial masa kini dan dengan demikian juga tidak dapat memperkirakan akar-akar sejarah permasalahan sosial ekonomi dewasa ini. Dalam kondisi demikian banyak diantara mereka menggunakan referensi sejarah ekonomi negara-negara lain yang dianggap relevan, padahal barangkali mereka sadar referensi tersebut banyak yang tidak relevan.

Pengalaman membuktikan bahwa kehidupan rakyat kecil (ekonomi rakyat) makin berat karena penduduk desa yang tidak memiliki tanah harus bekerja pada kebun-kebun milik pemerintah yang menjadi semacam pajak. Produksi pangan rakyat merosot dan timbul kelaparan di berbagai tempat di Jawa. Dengan demikian kalau konsep Ekonomi kerakyatan ini benar-benar bangkit maka secara otomatis mata pencaharian sebagian besar rakyat (rakyat banyak) memiliki daya tahan tinggi terhadap ancaman dan goncangan-goncangan harga internasional. Pada saat terjadi depresi dimana lemahnya bangkitan ekonomi kerakyatan di Indonesia.

Beda halnya dengan di Papua khususnya di Fakfak. Alam sangat menjanjikan, lahan di hampir seluruhnya dimiliki oleh hak ulayat terbagi secara marga. Bagaimana memanfaatkan kesempatan ini dengan ketersediaan lahan yang luas dan pemanfaatan potensi alam yang berlimpah.

Kini Wadah koperasi yang di bentuk di kampung-kampung merupakan sebuah wadah untuk memperkuat ekonomi kerakyatan. Kiranya sangat jelas dari program Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Fakfak yang menginginkan rakyatnya sejahtera, maju dan mandiri. Ekonomi rakyat terutama yang dikampung dapat diperkuat melalui wadah Koperasi. Wadah koperasi ini  mempunyai peran yang sangat besar dalam membuka kesempatan dan peluang usaha masyarakat di kampung, selain sebagai agen pendistribusian hasil-hasil produk masyarakat, dan media penyedia barang-barang konsumsi. Wadah ini juga sebagai sebuah kegiatan produksi dan konsumsi yang apabila dikerjakan sendiri-sendiri tidak akan berhasil, tetapi melalui organisasi koperasi yang menerima tugas dari anggota untuk memperjuangkannya dapat berhasil.

Ekonomi Rakyat adalah usaha ekonomi yang tegas-tegas tidak mengejar keuntungan tunai, tetapi dilaksanakan untuk (sekedar) memperoleh pendapatan bagi pemenuhan kebutuhan keluarga secara langsung untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pangan, sandang, papan, dan kebutuhan-kebutuhan keluarga lain dalam arti luas, yang semuanya mendesak dipenuhi dalam rangka merubah pola cultural masyarakat untuk berpikir secara produktif dan pada akhirnya ekonomi masyarakat dapat bangkit dan tersedia sebuah wadah koperasi yang sangat membantu perekonomian masyarakatnya.

Present Perfect

Present Perfect

This post will look at how the Present Perfect Simple is formed, how to use it along with some exercises and a quiz.

For forming the verbs in the affirmative, negative and question we will use the verb 'to work' as an example. This is a regular verb in the present perfect simple.


Affirmative

To form the present perfect in the affirmative;

Subject + Auxiliary Verb (to have) + Past Participle.
'I've' is the contracted form of 'I have'
'We've' is the contracted form of 'We have'
'You've' is the contracted form of 'You have'
'They've' is the contracted form of 'They have'
'She's' is the contracted form of 'She has'
'He's' is the contracted form of 'He has'
'It's' is the contracted form of 'It has' Negative

'Haven't' is the contracted form of 'have not'
'Hasn't' is the contracted form of 'has not'


Use
The first thing to note is that the present perfect simple is used to describe actions that have happened at an unspecified time in the past. It CAN'T be used with specific time expressions: yesterday, two days ago, last night etc. Time expressions used with the present perfect are: this week (month, year), today, for, since, ever, never, already, yet, still


1. To Talk About Experiences

"Have you ever....?"
This is a common question in English. When you meet people they want to know what you have done in your life. When asking this question it is not important 'when' but 'if' you have done something. Look out for the adverbs "never," "ever" and "before."
1.    I have been to France
2.    Have you ever played chess?
3.    He has tried to do it
4.    We haven't met him before
5.    I have never seen that film
6.    Have you ever been to Japan?
7.    She has never eaten Sushi!

Hi my name is David and I like to travel.I have travelled to Japan, China, Thailand and South Korea but I have never been to South America and I would love to go. I also like to watch movies. I have seen many different films but I have never seen Star Wars. Last year I started learning Spanish but I have never spoken to a native


2. Actions that continue into the present

"I have been a teacher for..."
We use the present perfect to talk about an action that started in the past and continues in the present (and probably will continue in the future). Look out for - 'for' and 'since'
1.    I have been a teacher for 2 years.
2.    She hasn't seen him since Saturday
3.    How long have you worked here?


3. New Information.

"Ouch, I've cut myself!"
We use the present perfect to talk about new information or a change.
1.    I have bought a new car. (I didn't have one but now I do)
2.    She's left (She was here and now she isn't)
3.    They have gone to Spain. (They were here yesterday but now they are in Spain)


4. An uncompleted action that we are still waiting for.

This is used to talk about an action when we are still waiting for it to be completed. Look out for - "still."
1.    She still hasn't arrived yet.
2.    They still haven't done it.
3.    The game still hasn't finished.
Notes:
1.    The written lesson is below.
2.    Links to quizzes, tests, etc. are to the left.
The present perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb "has" or "have" with the past participle.
I have studied.
He has written a letter to María.
We have been stranded for six days.
Because the present perfect is a compound tense, two verbs are required: the main verb and the auxiliary verb.
I have studied.
(main verb: studied ; auxiliary verb: have)
He has written a letter to María.
(main verb: written ; auxiliary verb: has)
We have been stranded for six days.
(main verb: been ; auxiliary verb: have)
In Spanish, the present perfect tense is formed by using the present tense of the auxiliary verb "haber" with the past participle. Haber is conjugated as follows:
he
has
ha
hemos
habéis
han

You have already learned in a previous lesson that the past participle is formed by dropping the infinitive ending and adding either -ado or -ido. Remember, some past participles are irregular. The following examples all use the past participle for the verb "comer."
When you studied the past participle, you practiced using it as an adjective. When used as an adjective, the past participle changes to agree with the noun it modifies. However, when used in the perfect tenses, the past participle never changes.
Past participle used as an adjective:
La cuenta está pagada.
The bill is paid.
Past participle used in the present perfect tense:
He pagado la cuenta.
I have paid the bill.
Here's a couple of more examples:
Past participle used as an adjective:
Las cuentas están pagadas.
The bills are paid.
Past participle used in the present perfect tense:
Juan ha pagado las cuentas.
Juan has paid the bills.
Note that when used to form the present perfect tense, only the base form (pagado) is used.
Let's look more carefully at the last example:
Juan ha pagado las cuentas.
Juan has paid the bills.
Notice that we use "ha" to agree with "Juan". We do NOT use "han" to agree with "cuentas." The auxiliary verb is conjugated for the subject of the sentence, not the object. Compare these two examples:
Juan ha pagado las cuentas.
Juan has paid the bills.
Juan y María han viajado a España.
Juan and Maria have traveled to Spain.
In the first example, we use "ha" because the subject of the sentence is "Juan." In the second example, we use "han" because the subject of the sentence is "Juan y María."
The present perfect tense is frequently used for past actions that continue into the present, or continue to affect the present.
He estado dos semanas en Madrid.
I have been in Madrid for two weeks.
Diego ha sido mi amigo por veinte años.
Diego has been my friend for 20 years.
The present perfect tense is often used with the adverb "ya".
Ya han comido.
They have already eaten.
La empleada ya ha limpiado la casa.
The maid has already cleaned the house.
The auxiliary verb and the past participle are never separated. To make the sentence negative, add the word "no" before the conjugated form of haber.
(yo) No he comido.
I have not eaten.
(tú) No has comido.
You have not eaten.
(él) No ha comido.
He has not eaten.
(nosotros) No hemos comido.
We have not eaten.
(vosotros) No habéis comido.
You-all have not eaten.
(ellos) No han comido.
They have not eaten.
Again, the auxiliary verb and the past participle are never separated. Object pronouns are placed immediately before the auxiliary verb.
Pablo le ha dado mucho dinero a su hermana.
Pablo has given a lot of money to his sister.
To make this sentence negative, the word "no" is placed before the indirect object pronoun (le).
Pablo no le ha dado mucho dinero a su hermana.
Pablo has not given a lot of money to his sister.
With reflexive verbs, the reflexive pronoun is placed immediatedly before the auxiliary verb. Compare how the present perfect differs from the simple present, when a reflexive verb is used.
Me cepillo los dientes. (present)
I brush my teeth.
Me he cepillado los dientes. (present perfect)
I have brushed my teeth.
To make this sentence negative, the word "no" is placed before the reflexive pronoun (me).
No me he cepillado los dientes.
I have not brushed my teeth.

Red Onion and Garlic

Time ago in a village lived a family consisting of father, mother and a beautiful teenage girl named garlic. They are a happy family. Although garlic dad just ordinary traders, but they live in harmony and peace. But one day garlic mother was seriously ill and eventually died. Garlic is very sad as well as his father.

In the village lived a widow who also has a son named Onion. Since the mother died Garlic, Shallots mother often visited the house of Garlic. He often brought food, helped clean the house or garlic Garlic and only accompany his father to talk. Garlic father finally thought that maybe it's better if he just got married to the mother Onion, Garlic not so lonely anymore.

With consideration of garlic, then the father is married to the mother Garlic onion. Originally maternal red onion and red onion to the garlic is very good. But over time their true nature began to appear. They often berated garlic and gave him a job if the father Garlic weight is going to trade. Garlic should be doing all the housework, while the red onion and her mother sitting alone. Of course Garlic father did not know it, because garlic is never told.

One day Garlic father fell ill and later died. Since then the red onion and mother increasingly powerful and persecution of Garlic. Garlic is almost never at rest. He had to get up before dawn, to prepare the water bath and breakfast for the red onion and mother. Then he had to feed livestock, watering gardens and washing clothes into a river. Then she still has to ironing, cleaning the house, and many other jobs. However Garlic always do their work with joy, because he hopes one day her stepmother would love him like his own biological child.

This morning as usual Garlic carrying baskets of clothes to be washed in a river. With little singing him down a path at the edge of an ordinary small forest path. The day was very sunny weather. Garlic immediately wash all dirty clothes he was carrying. Because of too much fun, Garlic does not realize that one of the clothes have been washed away. Unfortunately the clothes are washed favorite shirt stepmother. When he realized it, clothes have been washed away stepmother too far. Garlic try down the river to look for him, but could not find it. In desperation, he returned home and told his mother.

"Basic careless!" Snapped her stepmother. "I do not want to know, anyway you should find that outfit! And do not dare go home if you have not found it. Understand? "

Garlic is forced to obey the wishes ibun stepfather. He quickly washed down the river where he was. The sun had started rising, but the Garlic is yet to find his mother's clothes. He put his eye, carefully examining each overhung root that juts into the river, who knows his mother's clothes caught there. After a long walk and the sun was already leaning to the west, Garlic saw a shepherd who was bathing buffalo. Garlic then asked: "O my good uncle, if uncle saw the red dress who float through here? Because I had to find and bring him home. "" Yes I had seen my son. If you catch quickly, maybe you can catch him, "said the uncle.

"Well uncle, thank you!" Said Garlic and immediately ran back down. It was getting dark, Garlic is getting desperate. Soon night will come, and Garlic. From a distance looks light coming from a shack on the riverbank. Garlic immediately went to the house and knocked.
"Excuse me ...!" Said Garlic. An old woman opened the door.
"Who are you boy?" Asked the old woman.

"My Grandma Garlic. Just now I'm looking for my mother who washed clothes. And now benighted. Can I stay here tonight? "Asked Garlic.
"May my son. Are you looking for clothes that are red? "Asked grandma.
"Yes Grandma. What ... grandmother found her? "Asked Garlic.

"Yes. Earlier dress snagged in front of my house. Unfortunately, though I liked the clothes, "said the grandmother. "Well I'll return it, but first you must accompany me here for a week. I have not talked with anyone, how? "Pleaded white nenek.Bawang thought for a moment. My grandmother looked lonely. Garlic also feel pity. "Okay Grandma, I'll stay with grandma for a week, from grandmothers do not get bored with me," said Garlic with a smile.

During the week Garlic stay with the grandmother. Garlic each day helps with homework grandmother. Of course, the old woman feel good. Until eventually even been a week, my grandmother was summoned garlic.
"Son, have you lived here a week. And I'm glad that you are a diligent and dutiful. For that according to my promise you can take your mother's clothes to go home. And another thing, you may choose one of two this pumpkin as a gift! "Said the grandmother.
Garlic initially refused to be rewarded but still forced her grandmother. Finally Garlic select the smallest pumpkin. "I'm afraid not bring a big strong," he said. Grandma smiled and Garlic deliver up to the front of the house.

At home, Garlic handed his stepmother's red shirt as he went into the kitchen to split the pumpkin yellow. Garlic surprise when the pumpkin was cut, turned out to contain gold jewelry in it very much. He screamed so happy and gave this magic to his stepmother and red onion with langsun greedy grab the gold and jewels. They forced the garlic to tell how he could get the prize. Garlic also told the truth.

Hear stories garlic, onion and her mother plan to do the same thing but this time the red onion will do it. In short, onion finally arrived at the old house on the edge of river. Like garlic, red onion was asked to accompany him for a week. Unlike an avid garlic, red onions for a week was just being lazy. If anything is done then the result is never good because it is always done poorly. Finally after a week's grandmother was allowed to leave the red onion. "Is not it supposed to be grandmother gave me a pumpkin as a gift because it keep you company for a week?" Asked a red onion. My grandmother was forced to send onions to choose one of two offered pumpkin. With the quick red onion take a big pumpkin and without saying thank you he walked away.

Arriving at the house red onion soon meet his mother and happily shows gourd he was carrying. For fear of garlic will ask for parts, they sent garlic to go into a river. Then they split impatiently these pumpkins. But it was not gold jewels out of these pumpkins, but venomous animals such as snakes, scorpions, and others. The animals were immediately attacked the red onion and his mother to death. That is the reward of those who get greedy.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Kalimat Langsung Dan Kalimat Tak Langsung

Bilamana reported speech menyatakan kata-kata yang sebenarnya, ini disebut direct speech (kalimat langsung). Kalimat-kalimat tersebut tidak dihubungkan oleh “that” melainkan harus ditandai dengan (tanda baca) koma.

Bilamana reported speech memberikan isi pokok kata-kata yang dipakai oleh si pembicara dan bukan kata-kata yang sebenarnya ini disebut indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung). Dalam indirect speech kalimat-kalimat itu dihubungkan dengan kata “that”.

Bentuk waktu reporting verb tidak diubah, akan tetapi bentuk waktu reported speech harus diubah berdasarkan atas bentuk waktu reporting verb.

Direct Speech	Þ	Indirect Speech
simple present He said, “I go to school every day.”	Þ	simple past He said (that) he went to school every day.
simple past He said, “I went to school every day.”	Þ	past perfect He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
present perfect He said, “I have gone to school every day.”	Þ	past perfect He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
present progressive He said, “I am going to school every day.”	Þ	past progressive He said (that) he was going to school every day.
past progressive He said, “I was going to school every day.”	Þ	perfect progressive He said (that) he had been going to school every day,
future (will) He said, “I will go to school every day.”	Þ	would + verb name He said (that) he would go to school every day.
future (going to) He said, “I am going to school every day.”	Þ	present progressive He said (that) he is going to school every day.
		past progressive He said (that) he was going to school every day
Direct Speech	Þ	Indirect Speech
auxiliary + verb name He said, “Do you go to school every day?” He said, “Where do you go to school?”	Þ	simple past He asked me if I went to school every day.* He asked me where I went to school.
imperative He said, “Go to school every day.”	Þ	infinitive He said to go to school every day.

Direct Speech	Þ	Indirect Speech
simple present + simple present He says, “I go to school every day.”	Þ	simple present + simple present He says (that) he goes to school every day.
present perfect + simple present He has said, “I go to school every day.”	Þ	present perfect + simple present He has said (that) he goes to school every day.
past progressive + simple past He was saying, “I went to school every day.”	Þ	past progressive + simple past He was saying (that) he went to school every day.
		past progressive + past perfect He was saying (that) he had gone to school every day.
future + simple present He will say, “I go to school every day.”	Þ	future + simple present He will say (that) he goes to school every day.

Another situation is the one in which modal constructions are used. If the verb said is used, then the form of the modal, or another modal that has a past meaning is used.

Direct Speech	Þ	Indirect Speech
can He said, “I can go to school every day.”	Þ	could He said (that) he could go to school every day.
may He said, “I may go to school every day.”	Þ	might He said (that) he might go to school every day.
might He said, “I might go to school every day.”
must He said, “I must go to school every day.”	Þ	had to He said (that) he had to go to school every day.
have to He said, “I have to go to school every day.”
should He said, “I should go to school every day.”	Þ	should He said (that) he should go to school every day.
ought to He said, “I ought to go to school every day.”	Þ	ought to He said (that) he ought to go to school every day.

While not all of the possibilities have been listed here, there are enough to provide examples of the main rules governing the use of indirect or reported speech. For other situations, try to extrapolate from the examples here, or better still, refer to a good grammar text or reference book. Some other verbs that can be used to introduce direct speech are: ask, report, tell, announce, suggest, and inquire. They are not used interchangeably; check a grammar or usage book for further information.

Dua cara perubahan bentuk waktu pada reported speech :

Peraturan I

Kalau reporting verb itu past tense, bentuk waktu kata kerja dalam reported speech itu harus diubah ke dalam salah satu dari empat bentuk past tense.

Direct Speech - Indirect Speech

Simple present - menjadi - Simple past

He said ” The woman comes “ He said that the woman came

Dari contoh di atas dapat disimpulkan perubahan untuk bentuk waktu dari reported speech sebagai berikut :

Direct Speech Simple present Present continuous Present perfect Present perfect continuous Simple past Past continuous Future Present

Indirect Speech Simple past Past continuous Past perfect Past perfect continuous Past perfect Past perfect continuous Past Past

Kekecualian :

Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi

kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam

bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanmya, contoh :

Direct Speech - Indirect Speech

Active and Passive Voice

Active and Passive Voice

In English Grammar, a participle is a derivative of a non-finite verb, which can be used in compound tenses or voices, or as a modifier. Participles often share properties with other parts of speech, in particular adjectives and nouns.
Active and Passive Participle
Active participle ialah verb + ing
Passive participle ialah verb 3, yang dapat digunakan sebagai :
Noun Modifier yang terdiri dari
Active/passive participle sebelum kata benda
Contoh:
• The dancing girl is my sister
• The singing bird is a murai
• (the dancing girl is a girl who is/was dancing)
• The broken car was sold


Active participle/passive participle phrases
Contoh
• The man wearing a cap is my father
• The boy riding the buffalo is my brother
• The man killed in the field is my aunt
Keterangan : The boy riding that buffalo dapat diubah menjadi:
The boy who is/was riding that buffalo atau
• The boy who rode that buffalo
• The man killed the field berarti
The man who is killed in the field
Active participle/participles phrases sebagai clause modifier
Contoh:
• Being old,he has to wear glasses
• Shouting,he kicked the door
• Surrounded by mountains, Bandung has cool climate
Keterangan
• Because he is old,he has to wear glasses
• While he was shouting,he kicked the door
• Because Bandung is surrounded by mountains it has cool climate
Penggunaan active participle
1. Bila dua pekerjaan dikerjakan oleh subjek yang sama pada waktu yang bersamaan maka salah satu kalimat tadi dibentuk menjadi active participle
Contoh:
• He rode away.He whistled as he went
He rode away whistling
• The children came.They ran to meet us
The children came running to meet us
2. Bila suatu perbuatan diikuti oleh perbuatan lainnya dan dilakukan olehsubjek yang sama,maka perbuatan yang pertama dinyatakan dengan active participle
Contoh
• He opened the drawer and took out a revolver
• Opening the drawer,he took out a revolver
• Active participle dapat menggantikan as/since/because + subject + verb
Contoh
• Because he was a student, he was naturally interested in museum = Being a student,he was naturally interested in museum
• As he didn’t know the answer,he kept silent = Not knowing the answer, he kept silent
3. Bila dua pekerjaan dikerjakan oleh subjek yang sama dan pekerjaan yang satu sudah selesai dikerjakan lalu diikuti oleh pekerjaan lainnya maka pekerjaan yang sudah selesai,dinyatakan dengan active participle
Contoh
• After I had finished my work,I went out= Having finished my work, I went out
Kalimat aktif (active voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya melakukan pekerjaan, sebaliknya, kalimat pasif (passive voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat. Active voice lebih sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dibandingkan dengan passive voice. Namun demikian, sering kita temukan passive voice di surat-surat kabar, artikel-artikel di majalah-majalah dan tulisan-tulisan ilmiah. Passive voice digunakan karena object dari active voice merupakan informasi yang lebih penting dibandingkan dengan subject-nya.
Contoh :
Active : We fertilize the soil every 6 months
Passive: The soil is fertilized by us every 6 months
Dari contoh ini dapat kita lihat bahwa:
Object dari active voice (the soil) menjadi subject dari passive voice
Subject dari active voice (we) menjadi object dari passive voice. Perhatikan pula bahwa terjadi perubahan dari subject pronoun ‘we’ menjadi object pronoun ‘us’.
Verb1 (fertilize) pada active voice menjadi verb3 (fertilized) pada passive voice.
Ditambahkannya be ‘is’ di depan verb3. Be yang digunakan adalah tergantung pada subject passive voice dan tenses yang digunakan. (Perhatikan pola-pola passive voice di bawah).
Ditambahkannya kata ‘by’ di belakang verb3. Namun, jika object dari passive voice dianggap tidak penting atau tidak diketahui, maka object biasanya tidak dikemukakan dan begitu pula kata ‘by’.
Khusus untuk kalimat-kalimat progressive (present, past, past perfect, future, past future, dan past future perfect continuous, perlu menambahkan ‘being’ di depan verb3). Kalau tidak ditambahkan “being”, tensisnya akan berubah, bukan progressive/continuous lagi. Perhatikan contoh-contoh pada poin h – o di bawah.


Berdasarkan keenam poin di atas maka passive voice mengikuti pola sebagai berikut:
Subject + be + Verb3 + by + Object + modifier
Pola active dan passive voice pada tiap tensis
a. Jika active voice dalam simple present tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah is, am atau are.
Contoh:
Active : He meets them everyday.
Passive : They are met by him everyday.
Active : She waters this plant every two days.
Passive : This plant is watered by her every two days.
b. Jika active voice dalam simple past tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah was atau were
Contoh:
Active : He met them yesterday
Passive : They were met by him yesterday
Active : She watered this plant this morning
Passive : This plant was watered by her this morning
c. Jika active voice dalam present perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary has atau have, sehingga menjadi ‘has been’ atau ‘have been’
Contoh:
Active : He has met them
Passive : They have been met by him
Active : She has watered this plant for 5 minutes.
Passive : This plant has been watered by her for 5 minutes.

d. Jika active voice dalam past perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary had, sehingga menjadi had been
Contoh:
Active : He had met them before I came.
Passive : They had been met by him before I came.
Active : She had watered this plant for 5 minutes when I got here
Passive : This plant had been watered by her for 5 minutes when I got here
e. Jika active voice dalam simple future tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah be
Contoh:
Active : He will meet them tomorrow.
Passive : They will be met by him tomorrow.
Active : She will water this plant this afternoon.
Passive : This plant will be watered by her this afternoon.
Active : The farmers are going to harvest the crops next week
Passive : The crops are going to be harvested by the farmers next week.
f. Jika active voice dalam future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary will have, sehingga menjadi ‘will have been’
Contoh:
Active : He will have met them before I get there tomorrow.
Passive : They will have been met by him before I get there tomorrow.
Active : She will have watered this plant before I get here this afternoon.
Passive : This plant will have been watered by her before I get here this afternoon.
g. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary would have, sehingga menjadi ‘would have been’.
Contoh:
Active : He would have met them.
Passive : They would have been met by him.
Active : She would have watered this plant.
Passive : This plant would have been watered by her.
h. Jika active voice dalam present continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (is, am atau are) + being.
Contoh:
Active : He is meeting them now.
Passive : They are being met by him now.
Active : She is watering this plant now.
Passive : This plant is being watered by her now.
i. Jika active voice dalam past continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (was atau were) + being.
Contoh:
Active : He was meeting them.
Passive : They were being met by him.
Active : She was watering this plant.
Passive : This plant was being watered by her.
j. Jika active voice dalam perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (has/have) been + being.
Contoh:
Active : He has been meeting them.
Passive : They have been being met by him.
Active : She has been watering this plant.
Passive : This plant has been being watered by her.
k. Jika active voice dalam past perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah had been + being.
Contoh:
Active : He had been meeting them.
Passive : They had been being met by him.
Active : She had been watering this plant.
Passive : This plant had been being watered by her.
l. Jika active voice dalam future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will be + being.
Contoh:
Active : He will be meeting them.
Passive : They will be being met by him.
Active : She will be watering this plant.
Passive : This plant will be being watered by her.
m. Jika active voice dalam past future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would be + being.
Contoh:
Active : He would be meeting them.
Passive : They would be being met by him.
Active : She would be watering this plant.
Passive : This plant would be being watered by her.
n. Jika active voice dalam future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will have been + being.
Contoh:
Active : He will have been meeting them.
Passive : They will have been being met by him.
Active : She will have been watering this plant.
Passive : This plant will have been being watered by her.
o. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would have been + being.
Contoh:
Active : He would be meeting them.
Passive : They would be being met by him.
Active : She would be watering this plant.
Passive : This plant would be being watered by her.


Contoh-contoh yang lain:

Koko’s nose is bleeding. He was punched by his friend right on his nose. (Hidung Koko sedang berdarah. Dia dipukul oleh temannya tepat di hidungnya).
The Indonesian football team was beaten by the Saudi Arabian team. (Team sepakbola Indonesia dikalahkan oleh team arab Saudi).
These plants were watered by my sister a few minutes ago. (Tanaman-tanaman ini disirami oleh adikku beberapa menit yang lalu).
There is no meal left. All has been devoured by Yeyes. (Tidak ada makan yang tersisa. Semuanya telah dilahap habis oleh Yeyes).
English is studied by all high school students. (Bahasa Inggris dipelajari oleh semua murid sekolah menengah lanjutan (SMP dan SMA)

The Princess and the Pea

Once upon a time there was a prince who wanted to marry a princess; but she would have to be a real princess. He travelled all over the world to find one, but nowhere could he get what he wanted. There were princesses enough, but it was difficult to find out whether they were real ones. There was always something about them that was not as it should be. So he came home again and was sad, for he would have liked very much to have a real princess.

One evening a terrible storm came on; there was thunder and lightning, and the rain poured down in torrents. Suddenly a knocking was heard at the city gate, and the old king went to open it.

It was a princess standing out there in front of the gate. But, good gracious! what a sight the rain and the wind had made her look. The water ran down from her hair and clothes; it ran down into the toes of her shoes and out again at the heels. And yet she said that she was a real princess.

Well, we'll soon find that out, thought the old queen. But she said nothing, went into the bed-room, took all the bedding off the bedstead, and laid a pea on the bottom; then she took twenty mattresses and laid them on the pea, and then twenty eider-down beds on top of the mattresses.

On this the princess had to lie all night. In the morning she was asked how she had slept.

"Oh, very badly!" said she. "I have scarcely closed my eyes all night. Heaven only knows what was in the bed, but I was lying on something hard, so that I am black and blue all over my body. It's horrible!"

Now they knew that she was a real princess because she had felt the pea right through the twenty mattresses and the twenty eider-down beds.

Nobody but a real princess could be as sensitive as that.

So the prince took her for his wife, for now he knew that he had a real princess; and the pea was put in the museum, where it may still be seen, if no one has stolen it.

ADVERBAL CLAUSES

ADVERBAL CLAUSES


Adverbial Clause adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja.
Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).
Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:
1. Clause of Time
Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll.
Contoh:
• Shut the door before you go out.
• You may begin when(ever) you are ready.
• While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
• By the time I arrive, Alex will have left.
• No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.
2. Clause of Place
Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.
Contoh:
• They sat down wherever they could find empty seats
• The guard stood where he was positioned.
• Where there is a will, there is a way.
• Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.
• Go where you like.
3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.
Contoh:
• As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.
• Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
• Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
• He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.
4. Clause of Manner
Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.
Contoh:
• He did as I told him.
• You may finish it how you like.
• They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.
5. Clause of Purpose and Result
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.
Contoh:
• They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
• She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
• He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
• I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.
6. Clause of Cause and Effect
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik.
Contoh:
• Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
• It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.
• The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
• The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.
Contoh:
• The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
• I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.
Contoh:
• He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
• The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.
Contoh:
• It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
• It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.
Contoh:
• She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.
• They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
• Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble.
• This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.
Di samping itu, untuk mengungkapkan hubungan cause and effect (sebab dan akibat) dapat digunakan pola lain, yaitu:
1. Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to, due to the fact that, dll
Contoh:
• Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home because of the cold weather)
• Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the cold weather)
• Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the fact that the weather was cold)
2. Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since, now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as
Contoh:
• Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
• Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
• As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie.
• Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote.
3. Menggunakan transition words seperti therefore, consequently.
Contoh:
• Alex failed the test because he didn't study.
• Alex didn't study. Therefore, he failed the test.
• Alex didn't study. Consequently, he failed the test.
Catatan:
Beberapa Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrases dengan cara:
1) Menghilangkan subjek dari dependent Clause dan verb (be).
Contoh:
a. ADVERB CLAUSE : While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
b. MODIFYING PHRASE : While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
2) Jika dalam Adverb Clause tidak ada be, hilangkanlah subjek dan ubahlah verb dalam Adverb Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.
Contoh:
a. ADVERB CLAUSE : Before I left for work, I ate breakfast.
b. MODIFYING PHRASE : Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast.
Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrase jika subjek dari adverb Clause dan subjek dari main Clause sama.
Contoh:
1. DAPAT DIRUBAH
• While I was sitting in class, I fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, I fell asleep.
• While Ann was sitting in class, she fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, Ann fell asleep.
• Since Mary came to this country, she has made many friends MENJADI Since coming to this country, Mary has made many friends.
2. TIDAK DAPAT DIRUBAH
• While the teacher was lecturing to the class, I fell asleep.
• While we were walking home, a frog hopped across the road in front of us.
7. Clause of Condition
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions seperti if, even if, unless, in the even that, or in even that, in case, provided (that), providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing (that), dll.
Contoh:
• If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.
• She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her.
• Suppose (that) your house burns down, do you have enough insurance to cover such a loss.
• In case a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be notified at once.
• The company will agree to arbitration on condition (that) the strike is called off at once.
• We should be able to do the job for you quickly, provided (that) you give us all the necessary information.


The Reason Is Because I Love You The Reason Is That I Love You
It’s Saturday night, 9 pm. You’re sitting on the bench with your sweetheart, watching the rain falling from the sky. All of a sudden you feel the urge to express your deep passion for your sweetie. So you go, “The reason I’m here is because I love you.” Oops. “Is it ‘because’ or ‘that’?” you wonder.

Well, this is a common mistake that we, English learners, often make. This, some argue, is caused by the influence of our own Bahasa. We say “Alasan saya berada di sini adalah karena saya mencintaimu. However, English does not follow the same logic. The verb “is” in the sentence is a linking verb. It is followed by a subject complement. A noun, a noun clause or an adjective can function as a subject complement. However, a subject complement can never be an adverb.

Let’s take a look at this example: “My father is a lawyer”. In this sentence “a lawyer” is a subject complement (a noun). Another example is: “Hilary Duff is pretty”. “Pretty” in this sentence is an adjective. Now, let’s refer to our previous two examples. In “The reason is that I love you” the linking verb “is” is followed by a noun clause “that I love you”. “…because I love you”, on the other hand, is an adverbial clause (it states the reason). This is not acceptable because an adverbial clause follows an independent clause (the main clause of a sentence), as in “I want to marry you because I love you.”
So, next time you’re at your sweetie’s home and you feel the urge to say it, just say it right. “The reason I’m here is that I love you